Is Typhus A Disease - 1737 Words

Typhus is a disease caused by a genus of bacteria known as Rickettsia, which has been around since the late fifteenth century. Up until the twentieth century, it had impacted the world in both a negative and positive way. It killed off a lot of civilians and troops, but has also helped places advance more in medicine. Historically, typhus did a lot of damage to Europe. Not only was Europe as a whole damaged, but the population living within Europe was damaged as well. Finding out you have typhus must be the most awful feeling in the world. Especially because it’s essentially life or death, if it’s not treated on time or correctly. At least 10,345,002 people have been affected by typhus. Poor families were affected more by the disease than†¦show more content†¦Satanism and Witchcraft states that, Europe has itself to blame for getting typhus due to the lack of cleanliness, not Asia. It was assumed to be an importation from Asia due to the Crusades, but Europe wa s wrong. To be unsanitary was encouraged in some churches. For example, in some places when an individual dies, they perform a ritual in which no protective equipment is used, for example; gloves and masks are not being worn for this procedure. There are bare hands touching the bare skin of a deceased being. In The Historical Impact of Epidemic Typhus it says, â€Å"Constant warfare, lack of any sanitation whatsoever, social values; all contributed to the role played by louse-borne typhus(epidemic) in that period of history and its contemporary ramifications.† The first time typhus was recognized on the European continent was in the fifteenth century when it caused a large amount of damage to the army of Ferdinand and Isabella, while they were trying to drive the Moors out of Spain. When the Spanish army blockaded the Moors inside the walls of Granada, hopeful that it would end the Moslem influence, an epidemic of louse-borne typhus reached the Spanish army. As a result, it k illed 17,000 of the original 25,000 soldiers. After this epidemic, parts of the army fled, and ultimately spread the disease to various parts of Europe. In the sixteenth century, the medieval person turned to spiritualShow MoreRelated Tuberculosis and Typhus Fever: Diseases of Class in 19th-Century England895 Words   |  4 PagesTuberculosis and Typhus Fever: Diseases of Class in 19th-Century England Missing Works Cited Although more prevalent amongst the working class, tuberculosis and typhus fever were contracted by all populations in Victorian England. People of the upper and middle classes could afford treatment while the poor were often subjected to unsanitary, disease-ridden living conditions. Charity schools were common places of infection due to inedible food and a vulnerability to contagion, i.e., the necessityRead MoreDisease and Treatments in the Victorian Era1542 Words   |  7 PagesDiseases and Treatments in the Victorian Era By: Will Kraemer September 28, 2011 Outline I- Introduction: the thoughts and ideas about diseases. II- Body: living conditions/ why they got sick 1. How the filth and grime led to diseases 2. Home-remedies 3. Death III- Body: Diseases 1. Cholera 2. Tuberculosis 3. Typhus IV- Body: Treatments and medical discoveries 1. Why they started caring about sanitation and hygiene 2. How they cured it beforeRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Dengue Fever1439 Words   |  6 Pagesranges. It is very common for diseases that cause a fever to also present with an increase in blood pressure, and pulse rate. When there is a high fever, but a person’s heart rate is below the expected value it is known as relative bradycardia. This is clinically important because there are a few diseases that often present with such a condition, one of them is typhoid fever. ï  ¶ What is your differential diagnosis for this patient? Include at least 5 infectious diseases and the rationale for eachRead MoreBiomedical Experimentation in the Holocaust Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesbiomedical category was the most appalling. In the biomedical experimentations, the doctors did some cruel studies on the prisoners that included injecting diseases, inflicting wounds, and killing them to observe body functions. They were conducted to test immunizations and medicines for the prevention or treatment of contagious and epidemic diseases (Medical Experiments). The biomedical experimentations were carried out in concentration camps all over Germany including the camps of Sachsenhausen, DachauRead MoreThe Plague or The Black Death Essay example1224 Words   |  5 Pagesarose during the Late Middle Ages and then again in small amounts in places like Seville and London in the mid-1600s. The plague is carried by fleas which attach to rodents. From a bite of a flea-bitten rodent, a human would now be infected with the disease. Even after all of these years of knowing what the Plague does, we do not have a definite cure. We only have ways to lessen the symptoms by the use of antibiotics and quarantine. The mortality rate is extremely high, about 80%. There are many differentRead MoreHow Climate Change Is Affecting The Spread Of Infectious Diseases Around The Globe1631 Words   |  7 Pagesspreading and occurrence of many infectious diseases. Vectors and pathogens that were not able to spread to certain countries before because temperatures were too low for them to survive in are now being able to habituate these parts of the world because of how much warmer our planet is becoming. This is concerning to us because infectious diseases can increase death rates. Therefore, if our planet continues to get warmer, the more infectious diseases will spread, and the more humans will die. ThisRead MoreEssay about Life and Death in The Middle Ages1456 Words   |  6 Pagespoverty. This state of poverty not only leaves inadequate nutrition, but also unclean, contaminated water and living conditions. In past centuries the average lifespan was shorten due to economic situations such as famine, starvation, infections disease, and even death. In medieval time food and feasting were great past times. The extent to which the people of this time period could enjoy the variety of food we enjoy today, as well as many other aspects of medieval life depended on a person wealthRead MoreWhy Did The Holocaust End?878 Words   |  4 Pageschambers, they would have nail marks on the walls. Thousands of prisoners had died from malnutrition and disease (Weber #615, 620). Allied troops would have to wear masks when liberating Jews so that they would not catch diseases, such as Typhus (â€Å"Oh, No, It Can’t Be†). â€Å"British forces liberated camps in Northern Germany. They entered a camp where about 60,000 were in critical condition from a Typhus epidemic (Liberation of Germany). 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The Challenges Of International Management - 1195 Words

International management is defined as the practice of business operations in multiple countries. To be involved in international management professionals must be familiar with many different types of language, culture, economies, and environments. One of the main goals of international management is to link businesses globally and make a profit, while being able to connect various cultures. There are many challenges brought about in the field of international management. One of the biggest challenges is the language barrier. Communication is a major key to developing and bringing success to a business. So to be involved in international marketing you need to have a basic understanding of language or have someone that can translate for you. Another issue in international management is cultural conflict. Globally there are many different cultures, and when these cultures cross there is sometimes conflict in the way that they react to each other. Some cultures take emotion very seriously in their business negotiation whereas other countries do not. So before taking a step toward expanding globally it is good to do research on the cultures that you will be trying to enter. This will make the businesses transition easier and lead to less miscommunication issues. Foreign governments can have a major influence on the issues of international management of business. In the United States the country operates without very much regulation from the government. In many countries aroundShow MoreRelatedChallenges of International Business Management1037 Words   |  5 PagesCHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT What are the challenges of International Business Management? International business management is a term that is used collectively to describe all commercial transactions which include; †¢ Private †¢ Governmental †¢ Sales †¢ Investments †¢ Transportation The above take place between two or more nations. It involves all business activities which partake in cross border activities of goods, services and resources between nations. PrivateRead MoreChallenges And Issues Of International Management2625 Words   |  11 PagesThis essay intends on analysing the way in which Starbucks attempted to enter the Australian market place through international management stratagies. International management is the practice of managing business operations in more than one country. International Management professionals are familiar with the language, culture, economic and political environment, and business practices of countries in which multinational firms actively trade and invest. In a world of globalisation, becoming a multiRead MoreEssay about International Management Challenges2706 Words   |  11 Pagesconsiderable growth in international businesses, worldwide economy is becoming more highly competitive. 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United Airlines-Marketing Strategy-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Define Marketing Environment. 2.Explain how changes in the demographic, cultural, and economic environments affect united airlines decision. 3.Define Market Segmentation, Market Segment, Targeting and positioning 4.Define SWOT analysis 5.As a united airlines owner or manager, apply SWOT analysis to your Business. Answers: 1.Marketing environment is the external forces and factors which leaves an impact on the ability of company in order to develop and balance prosperous transactions and relationships with the targeted group of customers. There are several factors which are influencing the activities of marketing both outside and inside of the firms of business. These are the important factors which keep on encouraging the decisions of the market and they are known by the name marketing environment (Armstrong et al 2015). The internal factors of the market environment are customers, distributors, shareholders and retailers. The external factors if the marketing environments are political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal. These are termed as important factors which are encouraging the operations of the market. Firms need to understand the environment of the market and also the marketing activities of the firms. The marketing environment is divided into three parts and they are i nternal environment, Micro environment and Macro environment (Armstrong et al 2015). 2.The change of demography of the Arab world and the other countries are shifting their family structures and the preference of the customers is becoming more value oriented. They want the quality based services from the workers of the airlines (Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen 2013; Sarofin and Tolba 2015). Accordingly the airline company needs to meet its market segment based on the tastes and choice of the customers. The prices need to be adjusted as the economy of the country is going through under recession and which in turn might affect the taste preferences of the customers based on their incomes. There would be customers who want the less price of the tickets. The Airlines therefore need to work on this matter. As far as the Cultural atmosphere is concerned, people of different culture from all around the world book tickets in the United Airlines. However, due to the faulty services provided by the United Airlines led to the discrimination of an Arab-American woman which led to the problems of the industry and suffered a backslash in its services (Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen 2013). 3.The STP model which stands for Marketing segmentation, targeting and positioning is a strategy which makes an approach in the modern marketing. It is considered to be one of the important practices in marketing models (Kampamba 2015). The STP model is quite useful while creating plans for the market communications as it helps the marketers to give priority to the propositions and then deliver the relevant messages in order to get connected with the different customers. STP aims at the marketing effectiveness, concentrates on the important segments of the business and then trying to come up with marketing products and mix, positioning strategy for each of the segments of the market. Through market segmentation, the segment of the audience on the basis of Demography: This is based on age gender, income , marital etc. Psychographics: the audience can be segregated on the emotions and personality of the behavior which is linked to the hobbies, personality, traits and reading magazines (Kampamba 2015). Lifestyle: Hobbies can become the target for the business which incorporate recreational activities, vacations, playing footballs. They can be segregated under the targeted audiences for the organization. Through the process of Market segmentation, companies bound to divide larger markets into the smaller segments which can be approached more efficiently with the promotion of services and products along with their unique needs (Kampamba 2015). Market targeting must be created to increase the commercial attraction in each of the segment which depends on size, differences among the segments, money for the extra marketing plans, Accessible must be possible for each segments and focus must be made on the priority of the different benefits (Kampamba 2015). Product positioning is the last elements of this process where the customers finally focus on the quality of services and the products of the organization (Kampamba 2015). Through the process of segmentation, United Airlines can determine the opportunities of the market and to set the objectives of the market. Segmentation provides the airlines with a better understanding of its users. Market segmentation help airlines (United.com 2017). To identify the audiences and also the proportion of the audiences To develop the prices and products in order to meet the needs Communications based on target at the customers within the each segment It allocates funds and develop opportunity for each market. In this way the market segmentation is enabling the United Airlines to enhance the efficiency of the markets (Hollensen 2015; United.com 2017). 4.SWOT analysis is a powerful way to seek opportunities and it is also a process through which one can understand the importance of the weakness a bout the organization. This way SWOT analysis could enable to discard the threats by developing a proper strategic tool for the working of the organization (Sevekli et al 2012). This also helps to seek an important framework and accordingly a strategy should be crafted that help to distinguish the organization from the other competitors, so that the business of the market is done successfully. Components of SWOT are four in number and they can be categorized as Internal factors consists of weaknesses and strengths An external factor consists of opportunities and threats (Sevekli et al 2012). The components can be further consists of Positive factors: Strengths and weakness are profitable and thus they are positive Negative factors: Threats and weakness are regarded as the negative factors which are having poor influences. Strengths: This arises what makes an organization to do well in its field and what are its positive elements Weaknesses: What are the drawbacks that are hindering the company to run successful business and its development? Opportunities: opportunities to find out whether there are any promising markets where the organization can expand its branches Threats: Threats are needed to be pointed out which are bringing danger to the company (Sevekli et al 2012; Rothaermel 2015). 5.SWOT analysis of the United airlines Strength: United airlines is having a stronger operational based network which is having more than 5000 flights in a day to the 360 destinations across the six continents. The United Airlines has a famous and stronger brand name and also has high productivity of employee (United.com 2017; Sevekli et al 2012) The company has all over more than 80,000 employers all over the world along with the greater market segmentation to approach the targets. It also focuses on the greater experiences of the customer with the good entertainment along with an extensive branding. Weakness: The continuous huge loses affected the financial performances. The airlines are heavily dependent on the services of the third party for the customer services, fueling operations and maintenance. The airlines also has a direct involvement with the 9/11 terrorist attacks which was actually a sad incident. The strong unions are also quite a matter of concern (United.com 2017; Sevekli et al 2012). Opportunities: The United Airlines is seeking opportunity to the growth of airline industries of United States. USA is also in the position to help the United Airlines as the Economy of America is back to its good position (United.com 2017; Sevekli et al 2012). The airline company is also looking forward to build more tourism and travel industries by recruiting more employers in its organizations. Threats: There has always been an intense competition from the airlines of low cost which is offering at a discounted price. The rising of the fuel prices are the major challenger for the airline industry and also at the same time the recession taking place around the globe is affecting the economy of the airlines based on the demands of the audiences (United.com 2017; Sevekli et al 2012). References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013.International marketing. Cengage Learning. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kampamba, J., 2015. An Analysis of the Potential Target Market through the Application of the STP Principle/Model.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(4), p.324. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Sarofim, S. and Tolba, A., 2015. Islamic Marketing: A Conceptual Framework for Political, Cultural, and Religious Interrelatedness. InIslamic Perspectives on Marketing and Consumer Behavior: Planning, Implementation, and Control(pp. 130-148). IGI Global. Sevkli, M., Oztekin, A., Uysal, O., Torlak, G., Turkyilmaz, A. and Delen, D., 2012. Development of a fuzzy ANP based SWOT analysis for the airline industry in Turkey.Expert systems with Applications,39(1), pp.14-24. United.com. 2017.United Airlines Airline Tickets, Travel Deals and Flights. [online] Available at: https://www.united.com/ual/en/in/ [Accessed 5 Aug. 2017].

Who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth Essay Example

Who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth Paper This report will look into how far the Latin maxim cuis est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos or he who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth still holds true today. Gray and Gray (2009) state that the Latin maxim traces back to medieval times when its meaning held true. However in modern property law, there is evidence to suggest this does not hold true today. In Bernstein of Leigh (Baron) v Skyviews General Ltd1, it was declared that the rights of the owner are limited to a height that is necessary for the owner to use and enjoy his/her land and above that height the owner of the land has no more right than any other ordinary person of the public. Today there are hot air balloons, aircrafts etc which makes it necessary to balance the rights of airspace between fee simple and the public. The Civil Aviation Act 1982, s 76, also reinforces the concept of how the owners airspace is now restricted to a lower level than it once was. We will write a custom essay sample on Who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Section 76 of the act restricts the fee simples right to sue aircraft in trespass or in nuisance providing the aircraft flies over the property at a reasonable height. The restriction imposed by the Civil Aviation Act 1982, s 76, states no action whatsoever shall prevail providing it the aircraft does not affect the fee simples ordinary use or enjoyment of his/her property. However Gray and Gray (2009) show that aerial trespass can result from low flying aircraft2. Hence the flying height of aircraft should abide by The Civil Aviation Act 1982, s 76. This is supported by Justice Douglas3 who stated, the landowner must have exclusive control of the immediate reaches of the enveloping atmosphere or buildings could not be erected, trees could not be planted and even fences could not be run. This part of the airspace is known as the lower stratum. Whereas in contrast Gray (1991) states that the upper stratum which is beyond the lower stratum is open to exploitation by all. However Gray (1991) gives rise to the example of People v. Cook4 where the Supreme Court of California recognised that the owner of the property in the lower stratum is open to invasion of privacy via inspection from those that may be passing the property in the upper stratum. Gray and Gray (2009) emphasise how the importance of visual trespass has become more important today. For example importance of privacy laws, the emerging law of harassment and ECHR Art 8(i) (the right to respect of his private and family life, his home and his correspondence) have made visual trespass a concern within the area of property law. This shows that although property is thought to be divided into layers. Although the lower layer belongs to the fee simple to a region up to where the owner can reasonably use it and enjoy it. This questions the vulnerability of the owners land to those above it. Hence if the fee simples property is vulnerable to those above it. It raises the question can any of it be said to truly be the owners if its privacy can be so easily compromised. However there is a counter-argument which challenges this as it can be seen that the onus lies with the owner to protect those activities on their property that they wish to protect from those external to their property5. Damages may also need to be paid for trespassing whether or not trespass caused actual damage to the owner of the land6. This case showed that sky cranes trespassing over anothers property for the purposes of construction had to pay compensation even though no direct damage to the fee simple was caused. By using the cranes over the fee simples property, it saved the building contractor $500,000. It was ruled that compensation for the fee simple should result where economic advantage is made by the use of property of another. This can in effect be thought of as it being necessary to rent the property by the party requiring use. Although no direct damage is caused by the trespasser, the fee simple does incur a loss and the third party benefits from the fee simples property; whereas the trespasser profits from the property of the fee simple. While the first maxim cuis est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos (he who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth), imposes restrictions, another Latin maxim superficies solo cedit (a building becomes part of the ground or solum) has the effect of granting extended rights, this was illustrated in Rogers (Inspector of Taxes) v. Longsdon7 where an artificial heap of waste was held to have become part of the land once trees and grass started growing on it. Thus a house or other structure which cannot be removed without demolition or destruction is presumed to have been intended to form part of the realty as stated by Lord Lloyd of Berwick8. A top floor of a high rise block of flats would also constitute as being land as would a dry stone wall which inheres in the landscape in such a way as to become part of the land9. The Interpretation Act 1978, Sch 1 provides that land includes buildings and other structure, land covered with water, and any estate, interest, easement, servitude or right in or over land. It is not only actual buildings or parts of buildings but also anything that attaches to them in such a way as to become a fixture. There are two types of items fixtures and chattels; Luther (2004) states their distinction is elusive. When looking at whether an item is a fixture or chattel, it is usual for judges to refer to two tests from Blackburn J in Holland v. Hodgson10. The basic principle here is that if an item is attached to the land it is usually a fixture, whereas chattels do not attach to the land but rest on their own weight. The noteworthy point here is that fixtures that are between the land and the heavens do form part of the owners land but chattels may not belong to the owner and if the property was bought from a previous owner, the previous owner has the right to remove any chattels that are still inside the property he has sold even though they currently sit between the earth and the heavens of the new fee simple who has just bought the property. This shows that not everything between the centre of the earth and the heavens forms part of the owners land. It is also of note that chattels do not form part of the land under the tests which is why it does not form part of the land even though the chattel may be on his property but a chattel could belong to the owner of the land just as it could belong to someone else or the previous owner. Regarding subterranean zones, Gray and Gray (2009) state that English law recognises that the owner has the right to at least some of the land under the soil but the Latin maxims declaration that the owner owns everything to depths as far as the centre of the earth is a little misleading in modern property law. Bradbrook (1987 cited by Gray and Gray (2009) states that the land owners rights are unlikely to reach further than 200 metres beneath the surface of the land. Minerals and other inorganic substances that are found beneath the grounds of the owner belong to him11. However there are exceptions regarding coal12 that is yet to be worked on and petroleum13. They belong to the Coal Authority and the Crown respectively. The subterranean forms part of the owners and therefore it is possible to trespass on the owners land in the subterranean zone i. e. underground as far down as is regarded to be the owners land. Trespass may arise via entry to a cave under the owners land14 or by installing a sewer pipe15 under the owners land without authorisation from the owner of the land. Gray and Gray (2009) illustrated that the owner of the land has no absolute title to the water itself flowing through his land through a channel (i. e. river). The owner has the right to reasonably enjoy16 the flow of the water without diminishing17 the flow of the water or its purity to those further down the channel. The owner has the right to fish in the water flowing through his land as far as he can reach by normal casting or spinning18. The owner also has right to the fish once he kills and catches them and they become his absolute property19. Conclusion The Latin maxim of, he who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth does not hold true in modern property law. This notion was perhaps true when it was first realised dating back to the medieval times. However with the evolution of science and technology, much has become possible with items such as aircraft, hot air balloons and other things that would not be possible to use if all property stretched from the centre of the earth to the heavens; every aeroplane or helicopter would be trespassing. Hence as far as to what extent the concept of how far this Latin maxim is still valid in todays society is concerned. It does not hold true. In general, it is thought that the owners property extends to 200 metres below the surface of the ground and that it is unlikely to be higher than 200 metres above roof level. These measurements are not stipulated but it is a rough estimate as it gives the owner the right of space above and below his land from which he can fully benefit from the use his land and use it reasonably for enjoyment. It was also found that the owner of the land owns the land and the buildings upon it, the associated fixtures, minerals and other inorganic substances are said to be the fee simples, the right to enjoy reasonably any water passing through his land with causing the water any damage and the fish within the water become his absolute property. However it was also found that although chattels may be on the owners land he may not own them which may allow them to be recovered by the owner.